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  Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA HealthLINK: Cancer

August 23, 2005

News this month
Chemotherapy following lung cancer surgery improves survival rate

A large and widely publicized study shows that chemotherapy given after an early-stage lung cancer is surgically removed gives patients a better chance of survival. This type of treatment is called adjuvant chemotherapy and is used to help kill any undetectable cancer cells that may remain in the body after a tumor is removed.

Adjuvant chemotherapy can significantly improve survival for patients with early-state lung cancer after surgery.

The study by the Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association (ANITA) shows that adjuvant chemotherapy can significantly improve survival for patients with early-state lung cancer after surgery compared with surgery alone. This type of cancer is called non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Background
Cancers are “staged” in four categories, according to their degree of development and severity. Chemotherapy previously had been thought to be effective only in patients with more advanced stages of lung cancer (Stage III or IV). The standard of treatment for early-stage lung cancer (Stage I or II) had been surgery alone.

ANITA trial
From December 1994 to December 2000, 840 patients were enrolled in the ANITA trial. The patients were well balanced for age, gender, type of surgery and stage of cancer. In the trial, 433 received chemotherapy following surgery and 407 did not. Chemotherapy consisted of the drugs vinorelbine tartrate (Navelbine ®) and cisplatin. The median amount of time patients were followed was greater than 70 months.

Those treated with chemotherapy had a higher overall survival and cancer-free survival rate.

Those treated with chemotherapy had a higher overall survival and cancer-free survival rate.

  • Two-year survival rate was 68 percent versus 63 percent in the group who did not receive chemotherapy
  • Five-year survival was 51 percent for those who had chemotherapy versus 43 percent in the other group
  • Seven-year survival was 45 percent for the chemotherapy group versus 37 percent in the group who did not receive chemotherapy

For patients with Stage I cancer, the median survival for those receiving chemotherapy was not yet reached versus a median survival of 100 months without chemotherapy. Median survival for Stage II was 66 months with the chemotherapy versus 37 months without the chemotherapy. Median survival for Stage III patients was 39 months with chemotherapy versus 24 months without chemotherapy.

Help for more lung cancer sufferers
The researchers concluded that giving chemotherapy improved overall and cancer-free survival rates in patients with surgically removed lung cancer.

A reviewer of the trial results presented at a national meeting—S. Jack Wei, MD, of the University of Pennsylvania—concluded that adjuvant therapy is feasible and safe and should be considered as the standard of care for Stage II and III non-small cell lung cancer.

A benefit was not demonstrated for Stage I patients. Wei concluded: “It is unclear why this difference exists, however, it should be kept in mind that the lack of benefit seen in this trial was only seen on subset analysis. As it stands, adjuvant chemotherapy should remain the standard for completely resected patients with Stage II and III cancers.”

Other studies have also shown the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy for lung cancer survival, including for some Stage I patients.


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2005 Best Hospital--U.S. News Online

Yale-New Haven was recognized this year by U.S. News & World Report for its cancer services.


Frank Detterbeck, MD photo.

Study gives more options to patients with lung cancer

Lung cancer is the number 1 cancer killer of both men and women. In fact, more deaths are due to lung cancer than the next four leading causes of cancer deaths combined (breast, prostate, colon, pancreas). More than 164,000 will die this year. Often, much more media attention is given to advances in breast or prostate cancer, but major advances have occurred in lung cancer as well, such as the ANITA trial.

“Steady improvement in survival has been demonstrated.”

Lung cancer is not hopeless
Many people have a nihilistic view toward lung cancer, thinking it is hopeless. However, steady improvement in survival has been demonstrated. Even patients with advanced lung cancer who cannot be cured can be treated and have good quality of life, often for years.

When a person is diagnosed with an early-stage lung cancer, the standard of care has been to surgically remove it. Now we know we can achieve even better outcomes by adding chemotherapy after surgery. Chemotherapy used to be given only to patients with more advanced tumors, usually in Stages III or IV.

Chemotherapy helps prolong life
This study is good news in the treatment of lung cancer because it gives patients and their doctors another option to improve survival. Now, after a tumor has been surgically removed, patients are given what is called adjuvant chemotherapy. As the study points out, overall and cancer-free survival is significantly improved with this type of treatment. It is estimated this treatment may prevent about 7,000 U.S. patients from dying each year of lung cancer.

“Overall and cancer-free survival is significantly improved with [adjuvant chemotherapy].”

The data leaves little doubt that early-stage lung cancer should be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. The chemotherapy drugs are much better today than they were years ago and have fewer side effects and problems. Today's third-generation chemotherapy agents are more active and less toxic than ever before. They target the cancer cells better, causing less damage to the surrounding healthy cells. The benefits of today's chemotherapy outweigh the risks.

Multidisciplinary team approach to care
What does this all mean for patients? It all emphasizes the fact that lung cancer should be treated with a team approach. At Yale-New Haven Hospital we have embraced this team concept. Thoracic surgeons and pulmonologists work jointly with medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, chest radiologists, pathologists, cancer nurses and other specialists to assure that each patient receives the best care.

I recently joined the Yale team from the University of North Carolina where I had founded a Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Program 10 years ago that received national recognition as a model for cancer care. With Lynn Tanoue, MD, medical director of the Yale program, we are leading the Thoracic Oncology Program into the future.

The program available at Yale-New Haven consists of a multidisciplinary group of doctors and nurses who will help coordinate a patient's care. All new patients are reviewed at the Tumor Board in order to ensure that the diagnostic and treatment plan has considered all angles. This makes the approach streamlined, yet detailed and designed to give the best results.

The program also entails a comprehensive and carefully planned palette of treatment options based on the latest data, such as the ANITA trial, and thus represent cutting-edge treatment. Several members of the Yale-New Haven Thoracic Oncology team are national leaders in lung cancer, involved in defining national guidelines for care of this disease.

Treatment evolving
A lot of research is under way in the area of lung cancer. A profound transformation in cancer treatment is occurring because we are beginning to understand the fundamental mechanisms that drive cancer cells.

This transformation makes the type of collaboration that occurs at a comprehensive cancer center particularly important, as it involves not only physicians who treat patients, but collaboration with basic scientists in order to translate new insights from the lab into better clinical outcomes. For example, newer tests can help customize chemotherapy to a patient for his or her particular kind of cancer.

Understand your options
If you are diagnosed with lung cancer, I advise getting multidisciplinary input from dedicated specialists in order to fully understand the options. Today, patients have many more options available to them, like adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery.

Three questions you should ask:

  • Is your doctor well informed about the latest treatments?
  • Is he or she aware of the research under way?
  • Is he or she part of a multidisciplinary team?



Dr. Detterbeck is chief of thoracic surgery and surgical director of the Thoracic Oncology Program at Yale-New Haven Hospital, as well as professor of surgery at the Yale School of Medicine.


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